Cloud-Computing.jpg' alt='Advantages Of Computerized Database Over Manual Database Management' title='Advantages Of Computerized Database Over Manual Database Management' />This manual assumes that you are already capable of using Windowsbased applications, that you have some understanding of how a PC works, and that you are familiar.GIS Commons A Free e.Text about Geographic Information Systems.INTRODUCTIONMaking good maps can be challenging, time consuming, and expensive, but recently, a new set of cheap and free mapping tools has enabled almost anyone with a computer to easily make a mapbut good maps are not usually the result.They have the computer and software, but the new mapmakers lack the mapping concepts, principles, and methodologies.Their maps are often improperly designed and do not communicate easily nor effectively.This e text wants to change that by helping you create, analyze, and produce maps that communicate more effectively.By the use of symbols, colors, shades, and words, maps help us communicate with more impact they make what we want to say attractive, compelling, convincing, and clear.This e text focuses primarily on a technology called Geographic Information Systems GIS, but most of the chapters concepts are applicable to other geotechnologies including remote sensing, global positioning systems GPS, Internet mapping, and virtual globes.DEFINITIONS OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS GISLets define GIS first.Definition 1.Over the past 2.Dept of the Environment, 1.Rhind, 1.Parker, 1.Bolstad, 2.GIS, and most of their definitions are similar to one another.The definitions generally refer to a system of computer hardware, software, and people that support the capture, management, analysis, and display of spatial data.It is a decent definition, but to understand GIS better, you should break it down into its four main subsystems the way Marble and Peuquet 1.GIS textbook.GIS have Figure 1.The four GIS subsystems.Much of this e text is divided into chapters that mirror these four GIS subsystems.Chapter 2 looks at data and the data input system.Chapters 3 and 4 focus on the graphic and database portions of GIS software.These two chapters finish by covering various housecleaning processes preprocessing functions that manipulate the data files to make them ready for analysis.Chapter 5 looks at how to analyze the datasets.Output is covered in Chapter 6.Definition 2.An even shorter definition equates GIS to a spatial database, but you must focus on both of those words carefully.To do this, think of a computer screen displaying a simple parcel map.Figure 1.The two parts of a GIS.Each parcel is a separate feature on the map, but they are more than just features on the screen, the computer stores many database characteristics about the feature like the parcels identification number and its owners name.In other words, there are two parts to a GIS a map or spatial component and an attribute or database component.By making this link between the map and the stored attributes, GIS becomes a powerful tool for addressing and analyzing geographic data and environmental issues.This is its appeal.GIS programs are capable of handling large and diverse geographic datasets, and we increasingly rely upon them for analyzing and making decisions.The two definitions above emphasize GIS as a computer system a simple definition for a computer system differs only in that GIS handles spatial data.Although the second definition gets closer, both definitions, do not give adequate weight to the geographic component of GIS.Definition 3.It is no accident that GIS begins with G.A good understanding of GIS begins with geography and specifically with a geographic perspective, which is a way of organizing and thinking about portions of the Earth spatially.Again, look at the map above.You know that it and many other maps depict the locations of people and things like roads, important buildings, parks, etc.You also know that there are connections or relationships between the people and things drawn on the map.These relationships help explain the spatial patterns you see on the map.The process of finding, showing, explaining, and even predicting geographic patterns is at the heart of both geography and GIS.In this context, GIS can be defined as a tool of exploration that helps us explore geographic or spatial patterns.At a minimum, it aids us in describing these patterns, but GIS can go beyond simply description to help us investigate and understand why these patterns sometimes called distributions exist, the impacts these patterns have on our life and land, and to discover potential future geographic patterns.You can address five types of geographic questions with GIS and other geotechnologies ESRI, 1.What is at This basic question looks at what is at a particular location.An example might include, what is at the corner of Main Street and 1.Avenue Where is it This question could simply inquire as to the location of something specific like the nearest market or bookstore, or it can be a more challenging question that explores what locations meet a specific condition.For example, a city might identify all of the parcels that are larger than 5 acres, vacant, zoned commercial, and within mile of a freeway on ramp.Number 0443 Replaces CPB 359 Policy.Consistent with guidelines from the U.S.Preventive Services Task Force and the American College of Obstetricians and.Advantages Of Computerized Database Over Manual Database Management' title='Advantages Of Computerized Database Over Manual Database Management' />What has changed since Over a portion of the Earths surface, how have conditions changed over time An example is a county that identifies wetland areas that have decreased in size over the past 1.What spatial patterns exist This question describes and compares spatial patterns at different locations.It attempts to find spatial patternsperhaps the concentration of phenomena.The process of finding, showing, and explaining geographic patterns is frequently termed spatial analysis.Stewart Fotheringham defines spatial analysis as manipulating spatial data to extract additional meaning.In a GIS context, spatial analysis asks two questions a.What is the relationship between two or more datasets that occupy the same location For instance, you might see a direct relationship between a regions varying elevation and the amount of rainfall that falls across it.What geographic variations exist over space All geographic phenomena vary in their intensity over space.Consider fertility rates across the United States.Some areas are high and others low.To answer this question fully, you need to describe and explain these patterns.What if What if questions involve scenarios that differ when you change the models parameters.An example includes looking at what happens to an areas population when a freeway is built through the area under different constraints.These questions examine relationships among various geographic phenomena, and you use GIS and other geotechnologies to explore and help you answer these questions.As the geographer Ron Abler states, GIS technology is to geographical analysis what the microscope, the telescope, and computers have been to other sciences 1.No other technology looks so closely at the spatial relationship of phenomena, and it aids geographers and others that use spatial data to describe, analyze, and predict spatial relationships and patterns.As the geographer Michael De.Mers states, We can now see deeper and farther than we could before, allowing us to map more of what is present on the landscape and to ask questions that could not have been imagined 2.MANUAL GIS AND COMPUTER BASED GISAblers and De.Mers quotes may give you the impression that GIS is a new concept.Although the term GIS has been around for more than 3.GIS are old, and even the practice of doing GIS began before computers.The difference today is that GIS is computerized, but there is nothing a computer can do that cannot be done, at least theoretically, by hand if you had enough time, money, and energy.Computers process numbers and mathematical equations far quicker and more accurately than people can by hand or with the use of a calculator.Yet, before the concepts behind GIS were transferred to computers, people were doing manual GIS.They just combined spatial and attribute data on various types of media including hard copy maps, hard copy overlays acetate or vellum, aerial photographs, written reports, field notebooks, andof coursetheir eyes and minds.Electronic Records Management Guidelines North Dakota ITDRevision Date Monday, July 1.The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance on effective management of electronic records to North Dakota state and local government agencies.Introduction. Free Download Ship Simulator 2008 Full Crack Membrane . Background.What is Electronic Records ManagementCreating Electronic Information Systems.Using Electronic Information Systems.Maintenance of Electronic Records.Disposition of Electronic Records.Establishing a Records Management Program.Security of Electronic Records.Conclusion.Introduction.The extensive use of automation to conduct government business has resulted in the proliferation of electronic state records.Electronic records create many new concerns regarding the management of such records.Records in electronic format are hardware and software dependent.These records can only be read and understood if the storage medium can be read by existing equipment and if the programs used to create the digitized data are still available.With the move to personal computers and web applications, the risk of data loss increases and the likelihood of regular migration decreases.Desktop users are less likely to be aware of necessary documentation procedures to ensure data can be read in the future.Currently, most electronic information systems used to create, receive, and store these records do not provide full records management functionality.Agencies need to adopt electronic information systems that provide proper controls over the creation or acquisition of records, maintenance of records in context with the function or activity performed, and disposition according to approved retention schedules in order to manage their records in electronic form.Only systems possessing these characteristics can be defined as Electronic Recordkeeping Systems.The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance on effective management of electronic records to North Dakota state and local government agencies.Background.Concern about the Management of Electronic Records.Information is vital to the operation of government offices.All state and local government agencies depend on electronically generated data to accomplish their basic functions.Information is among the most valuable asset that state and local government agencies have at their daily disposal.It is the basis for decision making, justification of resources, determination of benefits, as well as a variety of other routine government operations.Information is expensive to create and maintain.Especially in times of limited resources, state and local government agencies need to manage their resources to achieve the greatest benefit possible.While technology gives state and local government agencies the capability to respond to the growing demand for information, it also presents a number of concerns, including.Long term retrievably.Compatibility.Accessibility.Security.State and local government agencies must ensure government records, in any format, are managed in compliance with records laws and requirements.Records maintenance and disposal North Dakota Century Code Chapter 5.Open Records Law North Dakota Constitution Article XI, Chapter 6 and North Dakota Century Code Section 4.Federal and State Rules of Evidence.Confidentiality of specific records Federal and State laws.Privacy laws relating to personal information North Dakota Century Code Section 4.Retention requirements of specific records Federal and State laws.Every employee using a computer must assess whether their records are made or received pursuant to law or in connection with the transaction of official business and take appropriate action to ensure official records are properly created and maintained.Not all electronic information is considered a record that is required by law to be included on a records retention schedule.The technology or medium in which a document is created, stored, used, or presented is not what decides whether it is a record or not.What makes a document a record is the fact that it documents a business transaction or is made or received pursuant to law.Ashampoo Home Designer Pro Serial Crack For Adobe .The advent of personal computers has transferred the responsibility for records management from central records management sections to individual employees.Increasingly, employees are responsible for the creation and management of their own records.They may often be working without a clear understanding of the value of the information resource under their control nor their legal obligations and duties.Without guidelines in this area, the potential exists for significant losses in terms of history and accountability.These guidelines are designed to assist agency management to develop appropriate and consistent procedures for the management of electronic records.The records management principles outlined are widely understood in the context of paper records, but should now be applied in the electronic context.Definitions.The manual assumes a basic understanding of records management practices and some familiarity with technology.Following are some definitions Content.Basic data or information carried in a record substance of the record that captures sufficient information to provide evidence of a business transaction.Context.Documents the relationship of the information to the business and technical environment in which it arises can include origin, date, and time.Data Element.Specific entries under a field.Electronic ContentDocument Management System.An electronic system in which records are collected, organized, and categorized to facilitate their preservation, retrieval, use, and disposition.Electronic document management systems are distinguished from information systems by links to activities they document and their ability to preserve and provide access to the content, structure, and context of the records.Electronic Documents.A subset of electronic records.They are collections of data which may be produced in the following ways Original output typically created as a text document, small database, spreadsheet, or graphicsA combination of existing data which may be extracted from databases, text files, e mail, etc.Data received from outside the organization i.Electronic Information System.A system that contains and provides access to computerized records and other information.Electronic Records.Records that are in machine readable form.Electronic records may be any combination of text, data, graphics, images, video or audio information that is created, maintained, modified or transmitted in digital form by a computer or related system.Long term.A period of time greater than ten years.Metadata.The description of data and its underlying applications and programs.Data that must be captured along with electronic records to enable them to be understood and verified, as well as support their management and use.Includes data dictionary, logical and physical models, diagrams and other systems and software details.Migration.The transfer of electronic information so that it remains compatible with current technology storage and retrieval methodologies.Non record Material.Includes library and museum material made or acquired and preserved solely for reference or exhibition purposes, extra copies of documents preserved only for convenience of reference, and stocks of publications and of processed documents.Official Record.A record that was made or received pursuant to law or in connection with the transaction of official business.Record.The complete set of documentation, regardless of media or format, which serves to document the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, or other activities of the agency.Records Management Task Force.A group responsible for reviewing and approving records retention schedules.Includes the State Records Management Administrator, State Archivist, and representatives from the Attorney Generals Office and the State Auditors Office.Record Series.A group of logically related records with the same retention and disposition value.An electronic record series may support one or more operations within an organization.Structure.